Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition that occurs when the muscles and ligaments that support the pelvic organs weaken, causing one or more organs to drop or protrude into the vaginal canal. POP can affect various pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus, rectum, or vaginal vault after a hysterectomy.

Risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse include childbirth, especially vaginal delivery, advancing age, obesity, chronic constipation or straining during bowel movements, and conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as chronic coughing or heavy lifting.

Symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse can vary depending on the organs involved and the severity of the prolapse. Common symptoms may include a feeling of pressure or fullness in the pelvic area, a bulge or lump protruding from the vagina, urinary incontinence or retention, difficulty emptying the bladder or bowels, and discomfort or pain during intercourse.

Diagnosis of pelvic organ prolapse typically involves a pelvic examination, during which the healthcare provider may observe or feel for bulges or protrusions in the vaginal canal. Additional tests such as urodynamic studies, cystoscopy, or imaging studies may be performed to assess the function and position of the pelvic organs.

Treatment options for pelvic organ prolapse depend on the severity of symptoms, the impact on quality of life, and the woman’s overall health and preferences. Conservative treatments may include pelvic floor exercises (Kegels), lifestyle modifications, and the use of pessaries to support the pelvic organs. Surgical interventions such as pelvic reconstructive surgery may be recommended for women with more severe prolapse or those who do not respond to conservative treatments.