Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by an imbalance of reproductive hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms and potential complications.

The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Women with PCOS often have higher than normal levels of androgens (male hormones) and may also have insulin resistance, which affects the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels.

Common symptoms of PCOS include irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth on the face and body (hirsutism), acne, and weight gain. Many women with PCOS also experience difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation altogether.

In addition to reproductive symptoms, PCOS can increase the risk of other health problems, including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and sleep apnea. It may also be associated with an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer later in life.

Diagnosis of PCOS is based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including hormone levels and ultrasound imaging of the ovaries. Treatment for PCOS aims to manage symptoms, regulate menstrual cycles, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Treatment options for PCOS may include lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, dietary changes, and regular exercise to improve insulin sensitivity and hormone balance. Medications such as oral contraceptives, anti-androgen medications, and insulin-sensitizing agents may also be prescribed to manage symptoms and improve fertility.